I’ve noticed that many of my favourite blogs (e.g. here here and here) have in their sidebar a list of the most recent comments. This is probably stupid of me, but I can’t find how to set up my template to do this! Anybody got any pointers?
Update: with a bit of scratching around I found a widget that’d do something like the job. I’m not totally happy with it, though, so alternatives still welcome!
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Last weekend, I gave a talk at a philosophy of mathematics conference up in St Andrews: the Arche “Status Belli” conference. The conference marked the end of a major AHRC-funded project on the philosophy of mathematics at the Arche centre. I was a PhD student within that project for many years, and though I kept getting distracted into other areas (notably the other Arche projects, in Vagueness and Modality), it has a great big place in my heart. One thing I note with approval: Arche PhD students now seem to be doing loads of (linguistics-informed) philosophy of language. Since Herman Cappelan has just been appointed to a professorship there, no doubt this will continue. In my time, the centre was dominated by phil logic, epistemology and metaphysics: as my interests run centrally to phil language (as well as phil logic and metaphysics), I heartily approve of the current emphasis!
Working in the project was a really great experience, and seems to have been an objective success, to judge by all the philosophy that came out of it. It certainly gave me an appreciation of how much sheer work there is to be done in philosophy: the whole of philosophy exists in microcosm in a well-chosen problem. Over the years, the project got me working and thinking about the theory of truth and liar-like paradoxes, higher-order and plural logics, issues in the epistemology of basic knowledge and their relation to skepticism, Quinean and rival takes on ontological commitment, metaphysics of abstract objects, the applicability of mathematics, and (what I ended up writing my thesis on) the putative determinacy of reference and arguments for various forms of inscrutability.
Anyway, my paper at the conference was on the issue that I had intended to work on when I first arrived at St Andrews: the philosophy of the complex numbers, neofregean treatments of them and special issues of determinacy of reference that arise.
Following the conference, Agustin Rayo who was giving also giving a talk at the conference, travelled down to Leeds, presenting a paper drawn from his current project “On specifying content”. The basic idea is that we should distinguish between the metalinguistic resources we need in order to give a (systematic, compositional) specification of the content of some belief (about the number of planets, or macroscopic objects, or higher-order quantification, or whatever) and the ontological/other commitments we build into the content as a prerequist for that content being true at a world. He gives a really detailed treatment of how this might work.
I think this stuff looks really exciting, with potential applications all over the place (for example, as I read him, Joseph Melia has been arguing for a while that something like the expressive resources/metaphysical demands distinction is crucial in a series of debates in modality, philosophy of mathematics, and elsewhere). I’m hoping to get to grips with it well enough to present and evaluate an application of it to defend mereological nihilism in the upcoming Structure in Metaphysics event here in Leeds.
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Just to continue the shout outs for Josh Dever‘s excellent project of putting philosophy dissertations up online. I learned lots from reading dissertations when I was a graduate student (in particular, from John MacFarlane‘s and Cian Dorr‘s). The best dissertations not only give you not only a bunch of cutting-edge ideas, but also hugely useful surveys of the philosophical backdrop. They also give ideas of the “big picture” that’s informing interesting people’s work. I found them more interesting than most books (though I guess I was looking at a biased sample!)
A final thought. It’s being suggested that online dissertations can be put in for the latest RAE exercise in the UK (any “public domain” paper is allowed to be put in, but obviously not too sensible to put in any old scrap: but dissertations that have gone through viva-ing are a natural candidate to be put in). Perhaps we’ll see more dissertations going online because of this.
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Things have been pretty crazy around here: semester is starting, teaching is being prepared and the long summer days seem a long time ago.
I’m currently working on the ideas about primitive vagueness I talked about in a post below. I’m giving a “work in progress” seminar here in Leeds on these next week, and hopefully then I’ll give a fuller paper on some of this stuff at York and Durham later in the year. I’m pretty excited about this stuff, not least because it gives me a chance to think about modalism, temporalism and other funky things.
Currently, I’m trying to work out what Evans’ argument looks like to the primitivist. After that, next on the agenda is vague existence (after all, why can’t it just *be the case* that it is vague whether Tibbles exists, for the primitivist?) Sider has some interesting way of making precise a worry about this, and I think the primitivist is able to buy into enough of his premises to make the debate interesting.
In the end though, primitivism doesn’t need vague existence or identity to be coherent in order to be good: not unless we have arguments that take us from metaphysical vagueness in general to those particular kinds of metaphysical vagueness. And that’s my other project at the moment: to try and survey those kind of connections for the Ontic Vagueness paper.
On that note, I just found some really interesting discussion of vague survival (in the context of personal fission cases) in a classic Bernard Williams paper “The self and the future”. I’ll be trying to get my head around this stuff soon.
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(cross-posted on metaphysical values)
One of my projects at the moment is writing a survey article on ontic vagueness. I’ve been working on this stuff for a while now, but it’s time to pull things together. (And writing up comments on Hugh Mellor‘s paper “Micro-composition” at the RIP Being conference got me puzzling about some of these issues all over again.)
One thing I’d like to achieve is to separate out different types of ontic vagueness. The “big three”, for me, are vague identity, vague existence, vague instantition. But there also might be: vagueness in the parthood relation, vague locations, vague composition, vagueness in “supervening” levels (it being ontically vague whether x is bald); vagueness at the fundamental level (it being ontically vague whether that elementary particle is charged). These all seem prima facie different, to me. And (as Elizabeth Barnes told me time and again until I started listening) it’s just not obvious that e.g. rejecting vague identity for Evansian reasons puts in peril any other sort of ontic vagueness, since it’s not obvious that any other form of ontic vagueness requires vague identity.
[Digression: It’s really not very surprising that ontic vagueness comes in many types, when you think about it. For topic T in metaphysics (theory of properties, theory of parts, theory of persistence, theory of identity, theory of location etc etc), we could in principle consider the thesis that the facts discussed by T are vague. End Digression]
Distinguish (a) the positive project of giving a theory of ontic vagueness; and (b) the negative project of defending it against its many detractors. The negative project I guess has the lion’s share of the attention in the literature. I think it helps to see the issues here as a matter of (i) developing arguments against particular types of ontic vagueness (ii) arguing that this or that form of ontic vagueness entails some other one.
Regarding (i), Evans’ argument is the most famous case, specifically against vague identity. But it won’t do what Evans claimed it did (provide an argument against vagueness in the world per se) unless we can argue that other kinds of ontic vagueness give rise to vague identity (and Evans, of course, doesn’t say anything about this). Vague existence is another point at which people are apt to stick directly. I think some of Ted Sider‘s recent arguments against semantically or epistemically vague existence transfer directly to the case of ontically vague existence. And we shouldn’t forget the “incredulous stare” maneuver, often deployed at this point.
Given these kind of answers to (i), I think the name of the game in the second part of the negative project is to figure out exactly which forms of ontic vagueness commit one to vague existence or vague identity. So, for example, one of the things Elizabeth does in her recent analysis paper is to argue that vague instantiation entails vague existence (at least for a states-of-affairs theorist). Implicit in an argument due to Katherine Hawley are considerations seemingly showing that vague existence entails vague identity (at least if you have sets, or unrestricted mereological composition, around). (I set both of these out briefly and give references in this paper).
Again, you can think of Ted Sider‘s argument against vague composition as supporting the following entailment: vague composition entails vague existence. And so on and so forth.
[A side note. Generally, all these arguments will have the form:
Ontic vagueness of type 1
Substantive metaphysical principles
Therefore:
Ontic vagueness of type 2.
What this means is that these debates over ontic vagueness are potentially extemely metaphysically illuminating. For, suppose that you think that ontic vagueness of type 2 occurs, but that ontic vagueness of type 1 is impossible (say because it entails vague identity). Then, you are going to have to reject the substantive metaphysical principles that provide the bridge from one to the other. For example, if you want vague instantiation, but think vague existence is, directly or indirectly, incoherent, then you have an argument against states-of-affairs-theorists. The argument from vague existence to vague identity won’t worry someone who doesn’t believe in or in unrestricted mereological fusion. Hence, if cogent, it can be turned into an argument against sets and arbitrary fusions (actually, it’s in that form — as an argument against the standard set theoretic axioms — that Katherine Hawley first presented it). And so forth.]
So that’s my view on what the debate on ontic vagueness is, or should be. It has the advantage of unifying what at first glance appear to be a load of disparate discussions in the literature. It does impose a methodology that’s not in keeping with much of the literature by defenders of ontic vagueness: in particular, the way I’m thinking of things, classical logic will be the last thing we give up: though non-classical logics are often the first tool reached for by defenders of ontic vagueness (notable exceptions are the modal-ish/supervaluation-ish characterizations of ontic vagueness favoured in various forms by Ken Akiba, Elizabeth Barnes and, erm, me). I’ll have to be up front about this.
Still, I’d like to use the above as a way of setting up the paper. It can only be 5000 or so words long, and it has to be comprehensible to advanced undergraduates, so I may not be able to include everything, particularly if the issues allude to complex areas of metaphysics. But I’d like to have an as-exhaustive-as-possible taxonomy, of which I can extract a suitable sample for the paper. I’d be really interested in collecting any discussions of ontic vagueness that can fit into the project as I’ve sketched it. And I’d also be really grateful to hear about other parts of the literature that I’m in danger of missing out or ignoring if I go this route, and any comments on the strategy I’m adopting.
Some examples to get us started:
If composition is identity, then it looks like vague parthood entails vague identity. For if it’s vague whether the a is part of b, then it’ll be vague whether the a’s are identical to b.
Indeed, if classical mereology holds, then it looks like vague parthood entails vague identity. For if it’s vague whether the aa’s are all and only the parts of b, then mereology will give us that that object which is the fusion of the aa’s is identical to b iff the aa’s are all and only the parts of b. Since the RHS here is ex hypothesi vague, the LHS will be too.
If the Wigginsean “individuation criteria” for Fs are vague, it looks like vague existence will follow when it’s vague whether the conditions are met.
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In response to something Dan asks in the comments in the previous post, I thought it might be worth laying out one reason why I’m thinking about “rich” forms of rigidity at the moment.
Vann McGee published a paper on inscrutability of reference recently. The part of it I’m particularly interested in deals with the permutation argument for radical inscrutability. The idea of the permutation arguments, in brief, is: twist the assignments of reference to terms as much as you like. By making compensating twists to the assignments of extensions to predicates, you’ll can make sure the twists “cancel out” so that the distribution of truth values among whole sentences matches exactly the “intended interpretation”. So (big gap) there’s no fact of the matter whether the twisted-interpretation or rather the intended-interpretation is the correct description of the semantic facts. (For details (ad nauseum) see e.g. this stuff)
Anyway, Vann McGee is interested in extending this argument to the intensional case. V interesting to me, since I’d be thinking about that too. I started to get worried when I saw that McGee argued that permutation arguments go wrong when you extend them to the intensional case. That seemed bad, coz I thought I’d proved a theorem that they go over smoothly to really rich intensional settings (ch.5, in the above). And, y’know, he’s Vann McGee, and I’m not, so default assumption was that he wins!
But actually, I think what he was saying doesn’t call into question the technical stuff I was working on. What it does is show that the permuted interpretations that I construct do strange things with rigidity. Hence my now wanting to think about rigidity a little more.
McGee’s nice point is this: if you permute the reference scheme wrt each world in turn, you end up disrupting facts about rigidity. To illustrate suppose that A is the actual world, and W a non-actual one. Choose a permutation for A that sends Billy to the Taj Mahal, and a permutation for W that sends Billy to the Great Wall of China. Then the permuted interpretation of the language will assign to “Billy” an intension that maps A to the Taj Mahal, and W to the Great Wall of China”. In the familiar way, we make compensating twists to the extension of each predicate wrt each world, and the intensions of sentences turn out invariant. But of course, “Billy” is no longer a rigid designator.
(McGee offers this as one horn of a dilemma concerning how you extend the permutation argument to the intensional case. The other horn concerns permuting the reference scheme for all worlds at once, with the result that you end up assigning objects as the reference of e in w, when that object doesn’t exist in w. I’ve also got thoughts about that horn, but that’s another story).
McGee’s dead right, and when I looked at (one form of) my recipe for extending the permutation argument to waht I called the “Carnapian” intensional case, I saw that this is exactly what I got. However, the substantial question is whether or not the non-rigidity of “Billy” on the permuted interpretation gives you any reason to rule out that interpretation as “unintended”. And this question obviously turns on the status of rigidity in the first place.
Now, if the motivation for thinking names were rigid, were just that assigning names rigid extensions allows us to assign the right truth conditions to “Billy is wise”, then it looks like the McGee point has little force against the permutation argument. Because, the permuted interpretation does just as well at generating the right truth conditions! So what we should conclude is that it becomes inscrutable whether or not names are rigid: the argument that names are rigid is undermined.
However, maybe there’s something deeper and spookier about rigidity, above and beyond getting-the-truth-conditions-right. Maybe, I thought, that’s what people are onto with the de jure rigidity stuff. And anyway, it’d be nice to get clear on all the motivations for rigidity that are in the air, to see whether we could get some (perhaps conditional) McGee-style argument against permutation inscrutability going.
p.s. one thing that I certainly hadn’t realized before reading McGee, was that the permuted interpretations I was offering as part of an inscrutability argument had non-rigid variables! As McGee points out, unless this were the case, you’d get the wrong results when looking at sentences involving quantification over a modal operator. I hadn’t clicked this, since I was working with Lewis’s general-semantics system, where variables are handled via an extra intensional index: it had quite passed me by that I was doing something so kooky to them. You live and learn!
Posted in Indeterminacy, Semantics, Uncategorized
…. because you can do it at the cricket.
England playing Pakistan. In the sun at Headingley (a short bus ride from the office). Sun shining, final day of the test match. Lots of support for both sides. A pile of philosophy papers, books lying around. Lots of interesting stuff about vagueness, composition, monism etc to puzzle about between wickets falling (which they did regularly). I’m particularly intrigued by this paper at the moment.
England won by about 130 runs just before tea, allowing time to come back and sort email and blog before coming home.
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Those nice people at Philosophical Studies (NB: no url link, because I haven’t found a way to link to specific springerlink journals) have just let me know that they will publish my paper on conversation and conditionals. What makes me particularly happy about this is that I whiled away many happy hours as a phD student playing “hunt the Stalnaker explanation” (Agustin Rayo being the guilty party who introduced me to this strangely addictive game…)
The idea is simple. The idea is to explain as many philosophical puzzles as possible using Bob Stalnaker‘s conversational dynamics. The consummate player is, of course, Stalnaker himself: read the papers in his Context and Content for the paradigmatic examples, including e.g. compelling explanations of what’s going on with Kripke’s puzzling Pierre, negative existentials, Referential/attributive distinction.
At the time, I was particularly keen to use it to try and explain some stuff about de re belief reports (for the cogniscienti: I was looking at Kaplan’s “youngest spy” counterexample to Quine’s principle of universal exportation). To my regret, I couldn’t make it work, and fell back in the end on using Gricean stuff rather than Stalnakerian stuff in the paper that resulted (and I always find relying on Grice unsatisfying, since I never understood where the various “cooperative maxims” come from).
Anyway, the conditionals paper makes use of the Stalnakerian framework to explain a couple of puzzles about conditionals: in particular, showing how to explain away “Sobel” and “reverse Sobel sequences” on any account of conditionals at least as strong as the material conditional; and showing how to explain away the “Gibbard phenomenon” on my favoured implementation of the Stalnaker-style “closest-worlds” account of the semantics of the indicative conditional.
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I’ve been playing around with a blogger hack that allows short summaries of posts to be displayed on the main blog page: with full posts appearing when you view the main post (they appear “below the fold”.
It seems nicer to me: maybe others disagree. The only bit that irritates me is that you don’t get any indication, from viewing what appears on the main page, whether or not there’s extra content “below the fold”. So you have to write this in yourself.
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Last week there was a reunion of the PhD students from St Andrews, five of whom (myself included) worked at the Arche centre. In an act of coordination rarely seen among philosophers, we managed to all get our dissertations submitted and passed within a few months of each other, and so everyone was able to graduate at the same time.
I have to say, it’s kinda funky being an official “doctor”. Leastwise, I now have ways to distinguish myself from the other Robbie Williams. One thing I did while up in St Andrews was give a talk about “might” counterfactuals (continued below the fold).
While at St Andrews, I gave a talk on “might” counterfactuals based on this paper, defending the claim that there are cases where both “If p, it might be that not q” and ” If p then it would be that q” are true. If that’s right, then an argument that Lewis uses against “conditional excluded middle” doesn’t work. And I like conditional excluded middle). The issue ends up turning on attitudes to the lottery paradox, and how exactly we formulate modal constraints on knowledge (safety, sensitivity etc).
After reading a paper that Antony Eagle has just put up online, I’m getting more and more interested in these “might” counterfactuals—it feels like I’m just looking at the tip of an iceberg at the moment. Antony’s paper is highly recommended, by the way: it’s central theme is to explain why it sounds bad to assert the “if p, would be that q, but if p, might be that not q”. I really owe an opinion on this issue myself, as my position in the paper I gave was exactly to argue for the truth of instances of this claim (Carrie Jenkins was acting as my conscience on this point while I was up in St Andrews). Possibly more on this later, therefore…
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J Robert G Williams 
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